Primary factors include temperature, aging, power supply voltage fluctuations, mechanical vibration, and electromagnetic interference.

Methods include employing high-precision manufacturing processes, selecting appropriate oscillator types (such as temperature-compensated crystal oscillators), implementing temperature compensation, and optimizing circuit design to minimize external interference.

It refers to the gradual change infrequency over time, typically expressed in ppm per year. Aging results from factors like slow structural changes within the crystal.

It refers to the time required from powering on the crystal oscillator until its output frequency reaches a stable value. Startup times vary by oscillator type, with active crystal oscillators generally exhibiting shorter startup times.

Jitter refers to short-term instability in the time domain of a signal, while phase noise describes the noise distribution in the frequency domain. Both essentially reflect the instability of the crystal signal and are closely related; high phase noise typically leads to increased jitter.

Temperature variations cause frequency shifts in crystal oscillators. Exceeding the operating temperature range may result in excessive frequency deviation or even failure, Different crystal oscillator types exhibit varying temperature sensitivities. Standard crystals are highly susceptible to temperature effects, while temperature-compensated (TCXO) and thermostatically controlled (TCXO)crystals maintain stable performance across broader temperature ranges.

Commonly available crystal oscillators typically have a storage temperature range of approximately -40'C to 85°C, though specific products may vary. Refer to the product data sheet for exact specifications.

Common types include sine waves and square waves. Sine wave outputs feature minimal harmonic distortion, making them suitable for applications requiring high signal purity. Square wave outputs exhibit steep rising and falling edges, commonly used as clock signals in digital circuits.

It is typically indicated by the voltage amplitude of the output signal, such as common values like 1.8V or 3.3V. Different application scenarios have varying requirements for output power.

For voltage-controlled crystal oscillators (VCXOs), the frequency adjustment range refers to the extent to which the output frequency can be altered by changing the control voltage. This is typically expressed in parts per million (ppm), and the adjustment range varies among different VCXO models.